Systems and methods for determining asymmetric downlink and uplink propagation delays in a wireless distribution system (WDS) for more accurately determining propagation delay

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems and methods for determining asymmetric downlink and uplink propagation delays in a wireless distribution system (WDS) for more accurately determining propagation delay. In this regard, a WDS is configured to determine both the separate downlink and uplink propagation delays between a central unit and a plurality of remote units. It is not presumed that the downlink propagation delay and the uplink propagation delay in the WDS are symmetric to provide a more accurate determination of propagation delay. Therefore, it is possible to determine the downlink and uplink propagation delays with improved accuracy, thus enabling more precise location identification in the WDS.

CROSS REFERENCED APPLICATIONS

This applications claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/087,240 filed on Mar. 31, 2016, thecontent of which is relied upon and incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure relates generally to determining propagation delays in awireless distribution system (WDS), such as a distributed antenna system(DAS) and, more particularly to determining downlink and uplinkpropagation delays that may be asymmetric.

Wireless customers are increasingly demanding digital data services,such as streaming video signals. At the same time, some wirelesscustomers use their wireless communications devices in areas that arepoorly serviced by conventional cellular networks, such as insidecertain buildings or areas where there is little cellular coverage. Oneresponse to the intersection of these two concerns has been the use ofWDSs. WDSs include remote units configured to receive and transmitcommunications signals to client devices within the antenna range of theremote units. WDSs can be particularly useful when deployed insidebuildings or other indoor environments where the wireless communicationsdevices may not otherwise be able to effectively receive radio frequency(RF) signals from a source.

In this regard, FIG. 1 illustrates distribution of communicationsservices to remote coverage areas 100(1)-100(N) of a WDS 102, wherein‘N’ is the number of remote coverage areas. These communicationsservices can include cellular services, wireless services, such as RFidentification (RFID) tracking, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), local areanetwork (LAN), and wireless LAN (WLAN), wireless solutions (Bluetooth,Wi-Fi Global Positioning System (GPS) signal-based, and others) forlocation-based services, and combinations thereof, as examples. Theremote coverage areas 100(1)-100(N) may be remotely located. In thisregard, the remote coverage areas 100(1)-100(N) are created by andcentered on remote units 104(1)-104(N) connected to a head-end equipment(HEE) 106 (e.g., a head-end controller, a head-end unit, or a centralunit). The HEE 106 may be communicatively coupled to a signal source108, for example, a base transceiver station (BTS) or a baseband unit(BBU). In this regard, the HEE 106 receives downlink communicationssignals 110D from the signal source 108 to be distributed to the remoteunits 104(1)-104(N). The remote units 104(1)-104(N) are configured toreceive the downlink communications signals 110D from the HEE 106 over acommunications medium 112 to be distributed to the respective remotecoverage areas 100(1)-100(N) of the remote units 104(1)-104(N). In anon-limiting example, the communications medium 112 may be a wiredcommunications medium, a wireless communications medium, or an opticalfiber-based communications medium. Each of the remote units104(1)-104(N) may include an RF transmitter/receiver (not shown) and arespective antenna 114(1)-114(N) operably connected to the RFtransmitter/receiver to wirelessly distribute the communicationsservices to client devices 116 within the respective remote coverageareas 100(1)-100(N). The remote units 104(1)-104(N) are also configuredto receive uplink communications signals 110U from the client devices116 in the respective remote coverage areas 100(1)-100(N) to bedistributed to the signal source 108. The size of each of the remotecoverage areas 100(1)-100(N) is determined by amount of RF powertransmitted by the respective remote units 104(1)-104(N), receiversensitivity, antenna gain, and RF environment, as well as by RFtransmitter/receiver sensitivity of the client devices 116. The clientdevices 116 usually have a fixed maximum RF receiver sensitivity, sothat the above-mentioned properties of the remote units 104(1)-104(N)mainly determine the size of the respective remote coverage areas100(1)-100(N).

With reference to FIG. 1, the client devices 116 transmit the uplinkcommunications signals 110U to signal source 108 via the remote units104(1)-104(N), the communications medium 112, and the HEE 106.Accordingly, the uplink communications signals 110U may experience anuplink propagation delay when arriving at the signal source 108. Thesignal source 108 may be configured to accommodate for the uplinkpropagation delay associated with the uplink communications signals 110Uby assigning timing advance(s) (TA(s)) to the client devices 116. Inaddition, a geo-location server 118 may be included in the WDS 102 todetermine locations of the client devices 116 based on the uplinkpropagation delay.

As mentioned above, the communications medium 112 may be a non-wirelesscommunications medium, such as an electrical conductor communicationsmedium, or an optical fiber-based communications medium. As such, theuplink communications signals 110U may experience different propagationdelays traveling through the communications medium 112 as opposed to awireless medium. For example, the uplink communications signals 110Upropagate wirelessly over the air at a speed of approximately 3.3nanoseconds (ns) per meter (m) (3.3 ns/m). In contrast, if thecommunications medium 112 in the WDS 102 is an optical communicationsmedium, the uplink communications signals 110U propagate in the WDS 102over the uplink communications medium 110U at a speed of approximatelyfive (5) ns per meter (5 ns/m). However, the signal source may not beaware of the WDS 102. As a result, if the signal source 108 assumes thatthe uplink communications signals 110U are received over a wirelesscommunications medium while the uplink communications signal 110U is infact received over a non-wireless communications medium, for example,the signal source 108 may end up assigning inappropriate TA(s) to theclient devices 116. Likewise, the geo-location server 118 may alsodetermine inaccurate locations for the client devices 116. Hence, it isdesired to accurately determine downlink and uplink propagation delaysassociated with the communications medium 112.

No admission is made that any reference cited herein constitutes priorart. Applicant expressly reserves the right to challenge the accuracyand pertinency of any cited documents.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems and methods fordetermining asymmetric downlink and uplink propagation delays in awireless distribution system (WDS) for more accurately determiningpropagation delay. In this regard, a WDS is configured to determine boththe separate downlink and uplink propagation delays between a centralunit and a plurality of remote units. It is not presumed that thedownlink propagation delay and the uplink propagation delay in the WDSare symmetric to provide a more accurate determination of propagationdelay. Therefore, it is possible to determine the downlink and uplinkpropagation delays with improved accuracy. In a non-limiting example,this allows more accurate localization techniques to be used forlocation identification in the WDS.

In this regard, in one embodiment, to measure the separate downlink anduplink propagation delays in the WDS for more accurately determiningpropagation delay, a signal source is provided to distribute a signal indifferent signal paths of the WDS. For example, the signal source may beprovided in a central unit of the WDS to avoid providing a signal sourcein each of the remote units in the WDS. In this example, the signalsource is configured to distribute the signal in the downlink directionto each of the remote units. However, if the propagation delay of thesignal distributed by the single signal source in the central unit inthe downlink direction was measured at the remote unit receiving thesignal, only one propagation delay value would be determinable betweenthe central unit and the remote unit where the propagation delay ismeasured. However, as discussed above, the propagation delay for thedownlink signal path for each remote unit may be different from thepropagation delay for the uplink signal path for a particular remoteunit. Thus, in embodiments disclosed herein, to determine the separatedownlink and uplink propagation delays for a particular remote unit, andby using the signal source in the central unit, the signal paths for tworemote units are analyzed to determine the separate downlink and uplinkpropagation delays for each of the two remote units. This is because byinvolving two remote units in the analysis, the signal from one remoteunit can be communicated from an antenna in one remote unit to anantenna in the other remote unit, thus allowing the signal to travelback to the central unit on the uplink path, and vice versa. In thisregard, a pair of downlink and uplink propagation delays needs to bedetermined for each of the two (2) remote units, thus resulting in atotal of four (4) propagation delays to be determined. To determine eachof the 4 propagation delays between the central unit and the 2 remoteunits, a comparison of different propagation delays along two differentsignal paths can be made at the central unit and/or the remote unit toestablish a propagation delay equation. Hence, it will require 4propagation delay equations to determine the 4 propagation delaysbetween the central unit and the 2 remote units. Thus, 4 propagationdelays comparisons (i.e. equations) can be made for uplink and downlinkpropagation delays in the central unit and the two remote units.However, as discussed, for the signal to be propagated between the tworemote units, another signal path and associated propagation delay isinvolved between the two antennas in the two remote units. Thus, in oneexample, five propagation delay comparisons (equations) are needed tosolve five (5) propagation delays (downlink and uplink propagationdelays for both remote units, and a delay between the remote units), tobe able to then solve for the separate downlink and uplink propagationdelays for each remote unit.

One embodiment of the disclosure relates to a WDS. The WDS comprises atleast one first remote unit comprising a first transmit (TX) antenna anda first receive (RX) antenna. The WDS also comprises at least one secondremote unit comprising a second TX antenna and a second RX antenna. TheWDS also comprises a central unit communicatively coupled to the atleast one first remote unit and the at least one second remote unit. Thecentral unit comprises an input/output (I/O) interface configured toreceive a modulated signal from a signal source. The WDS also comprisesa controller configured to determine a first downlink propagation delaybetween the I/O interface and the at least one first remote unit, afirst uplink propagation delay between the I/O interface and the atleast one first remote unit, a second downlink propagation delay betweenthe I/O interface and the at least one second remote unit, a seconduplink propagation delay between the I/O interface and the at least onesecond remote unit, and a remote unit-to-remote unit (RU-to-RU)propagation delay from the first TX antenna to the second RX antenna andfrom the second TX antenna to the first RX antenna.

Another embodiment of the disclosure relates to a method for determiningpropagation delays from a central unit to at least one first remote unitand at least one second remote unit in a WDS. The method comprisesdetermining a first downlink propagation delay between an I/O interfacein the central unit and the at least one first remote unit. The methodalso comprises determining a first uplink propagation delay between theI/O interface in the central unit and the at least one first remoteunit. The method also comprises determining a second downlinkpropagation delay between the I/O interface in the central unit and theat least one second remote unit. The method also comprises determining asecond uplink propagation delay between the I/O interface in the centralunit and the at least one second remote unit. The method also comprisesdetermining an RU-to-RU propagation delay between the at least one firstremote unit and the at least one second remote unit.

Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detaileddescription which follows and, in part, will be readily apparent tothose skilled in the art from the description or recognized bypracticing the embodiments as described in the written description andclaims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are merely exemplary and are intendedto provide an overview or framework to understand the nature andcharacter of the claims.

The accompanying drawings are included to provide a furtherunderstanding of the disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitutea part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or moreembodiment(s), and together with the description serve to explainprinciples and operation of the various embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary wireless distributionsystem (WDS);

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS configured to measurea downlink propagation delay and an uplink propagation delay between acentral unit and at least one remote unit by assuming that the downlinkpropagation delay and the uplink propagation delay are symmetric;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS configured todetermine downlink and uplink propagation delays in the WDS withoutassuming that downlink propagation delay and uplink propagation delayare symmetric;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an exemplary high-level process for determiningthe downlink and uplink propagation delays in the WDS of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary comparator circuit thatmay be employed in the WDS of FIG. 3 to define propagation delayequations for determining the downlink and uplink propagation delays inthe WDS by examining whether a first modulated signal and a secondmodulated signal have experienced equal propagation delays when arrivingat the comparator circuit;

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS adapted from the WDSof FIG. 3, wherein the WDS is configured to generate a first propagationdelay equation that is part of a set of propagation delay equations fordetermining the downlink and uplink propagation delays in the WDS ofFIG. 3 without assuming that downlink propagation delay and uplinkpropagation delay are symmetric;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS adapted from the WDSof FIG. 3, wherein the WDS is configured to generate a secondpropagation delay equation that is part of the set of propagation delayequations of FIG. 6 for determining the downlink and uplink propagationdelays in the WDS of FIG. 3 without assuming that downlink propagationdelay and uplink propagation delay are symmetric;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS adapted from the WDSof FIG. 3, wherein the WDS is configured to generate a third propagationdelay equation that is part of the set of propagation delay equations ofFIGS. 6 and 7 for determining the downlink and uplink propagation delaysin the WDS of FIG. 3 without assuming that downlink propagation delayand uplink propagation delay are symmetric;

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS adapted from the WDSof FIG. 3, wherein the WDS is configured to generate a fourthpropagation delay equation that is part of the set of propagation delayequations of FIGS. 6-8 for determining the downlink and uplinkpropagation delays in the WDS of FIG. 3 without assuming that downlinkpropagation delay and uplink propagation delay are symmetric;

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS adapted from the WDSof FIG. 3, wherein the WDS is configured to generate a fifth propagationdelay equation that is part of the set of propagation delay equations ofFIGS. 6-9 for determining the downlink and uplink propagation delays inthe WDS of FIG. 3 without assuming that downlink propagation delay anduplink propagation delay are symmetric;

FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate an exemplary propagation delay determinationprocess that can be employed by a controller in the WDSs of FIGS. 3 and6-10 to determine the first propagation delay equation, the secondpropagation delay equation, the third propagation delay equation, thefourth propagation delay equation, and the fifth propagation delayequation, of FIGS. 6-10, respectively;

FIG. 12 is a partial schematic cut-away diagram of an exemplary buildinginfrastructure in which the WDSs of FIGS. 3 and 6-10 can be provided;and

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram representation of additional detailillustrating an exemplary computer system that could be employed in acontroller, including a controller in the WDSs of FIGS. 3 and 6-10, fordetermining propagation delays without assuming that downlinkpropagation delay and uplink propagation delay are symmetric.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems and methods fordetermining asymmetric downlink and uplink propagation delays in awireless distribution system (WDS) for more accurately determiningpropagation delay. In this regard, a WDS is configured to determine boththe separate downlink and uplink propagation delays between a centralunit and a plurality of remote units. It is not presumed that thedownlink propagation delay and the uplink propagation delay in the WDSare symmetric to provide a more accurate determination of propagationdelay. Therefore, it is possible to determine the downlink and uplinkpropagation delays with improved accuracy. In a non-limiting example,this allows more accurate localization techniques to be used forlocation identification in the WDS.

In this regard, in one embodiment, to measure the separate downlink anduplink propagation delays in the WDS for more accurately determiningpropagation delay, a signal source is provided to distribute a signal indifferent signal paths of the WDS. For example, the signal source may beprovided in a central unit of the WDS to avoid providing a signal sourcein each of the remote units in the WDS. In this example, the signalsource is configured to distribute the signal in the downlink directionto each of the remote units. However, if the propagation delay of thesignal distributed by the single signal source in the central unit inthe downlink direction was measured at the remote unit receiving thesignal, only one propagation delay value would be determinable betweenthe central unit and the remote unit where the propagation delay ismeasured. However, as discussed above, the propagation delay for thedownlink signal path for each remote unit may be different from thepropagation delay for the uplink signal path for a particular remoteunit. Thus, in embodiments disclosed herein, to determine the separatedownlink and uplink propagation delays for a particular remote unit, andby using the signal source in the central unit, the signal paths for tworemote units are analyzed to determine the separate downlink and uplinkpropagation delays for each of the two remote units. This is because byinvolving two remote units in the analysis, the signal from one remoteunit can be communicated from an antenna in one remote unit to anantenna in the other remote unit, thus allowing the signal to travelback to the central unit on the uplink path, and vice versa. In thisregard, a pair of downlink and uplink propagation delays needs to bedetermined for each of the two (2) remote units, thus resulting in atotal of four (4) propagation delays to be determined. To determine eachof the 4 propagation delays between the central unit and the 2 remoteunits, a comparison of different propagation delays along two differentsignal paths can be made at the central unit and/or the remote unit toestablish a propagation delay equation. Hence, it will require 4propagation delay equations to determine the 4 propagation delaysbetween the central unit and the 2 remote units. Thus, 4 propagationdelays comparisons (i.e. equations) can be made for uplink and downlinkpropagation delays in the central unit and the two remote units.However, as discussed, for the signal to be propagated between the tworemote units, another signal path and associated propagation delay isinvolved between the two antennas in the two remote units. Thus, in oneexample, five propagation delay comparisons (equations) are needed tosolve five (5) propagation delays (downlink and uplink propagationdelays for both remote units, and a delay between the remote units), tobe able to then solve for the separate downlink and uplink propagationdelays for each remote unit.

Before discussing examples of determining downlink and uplinkpropagation delays in a WDS without assuming that downlink and uplinkpropagation delays are symmetric starting at FIG. 3, an overview of aconventional method for determining symmetric downlink and uplinkpropagation delays in a WDS is first discussed with reference to FIG. 2.In this regard, FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS 200configured to measure a downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) and anuplink propagation delay (T_(UL)) between a central unit 202 and atleast one remote unit 204 by assuming that the downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL)) and the uplink propagation delay (T_(UL)) are symmetric.The central unit 202 includes a downlink circuit 206 and an uplinkcircuit 208 configured to transmit a downlink signal 210 to the remoteunit 204 and receive an uplink signal 212 from the remote unit 204,respectively. The central unit 202 includes an input/output (I/O)interface 214 that is communicatively coupled to a signal source 216 toreceive the downlink signal 210. The remote unit 204 includes a downlinkinterface 218 and an uplink interface 220 that are communicativelycoupled to the downlink circuit 206 and the uplink circuit 208,respectively. In this regard, the downlink propagation delay (T_(DL))corresponds to propagation delay between the I/O interface 214 and thedownlink interface 218. The uplink propagation delay (T_(UL))corresponds to propagation delay between the uplink interface 220 andthe I/O interface 214.

To determine the downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) and the uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL)), in a non-limiting example, a controller 222is provided in the WDS 200 and is communicatively coupled to the centralunit 202. The controller 222 configures the downlink circuit 206 totransmit the downlink signal 210 to the downlink interface 218 in theremote unit 204. A remote unit controller 224 may be provided in theremote unit 204 to transmit the downlink signal 210 received from thedownlink interface 218 as the uplink signal 212 via the uplink interface220. The controller 222 is configured to determine a total propagationdelay T_(TOTAL) that starts at time T₁ when the downlink circuit 206receives the downlink signal 210, and ends at time T₂ when the uplinkcircuit 208 receives the uplink signal 212 (T_(TOTAL)=T₂−T₁). Byassuming that the downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) equals the uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL)) and by further ignoring possible processingdelays associated with the remote unit controller 224, the controller222 determines both the downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) and theuplink propagation delay (T_(UL)) as being equal to one-half of theT_(TOTAL) (T_(DL)=½ T_(TOTAL), T_(UL)=½ T_(TOTAL)).

However, in the WDS 200, the downlink signal 210 may travel a distancethat is longer or shorter than a distance the uplink signal 212 travels.As a result, the downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) and the uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL)) are determined based on the assumption thatthe downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) and the uplink propagation delay(T_(UL)) are symmetric will no longer be accurate. As such, it may bedesired to determine the downlink propagation delay (T_(DL)) and uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL)) without assuming that the downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL)) and the uplink propagation delay (T_(UL)) areequal. In this regard, FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS300 configured to determine downlink and uplink propagation delays inthe WDS 300 without assuming that downlink propagation delay and uplinkpropagation delay are symmetric.

With reference to FIG. 3, the WDS 300 includes a central unit 302, whichis configured to provide communications services to one or more clientdevices 303 in the WDS 300. The WDS 300 is a distributed antenna system(DAS) in this example. The WDS 300 also includes at least one firstremote unit 304(1), and at least one second remote unit 304(2). It shallbe noted that the first remote unit 304(1) and the second remote unit304(2) are referenced hereinafter as non-limiting examples merely tofacilitate discussions and illustrations. The WDS 300 can include aplurality of remote units 304 that includes the first remote unit 304(1)and the second remote unit 304(2), which can be any of the remote units304. The WDS 300 is configured to distribute downlink communicationssignals 305D from the central unit 302 to the remote units 304 to bedistributed to the client devices 303. The central unit 302 is alsoconfigured to receive uplink communications signals 305U from the clientdevices 303 via the remote units 304 to be distributed to communicationssignal sources (e.g. base transceiver station (BTS), baseband unit(BBU), etc.) (not shown). It shall be appreciated that theconfigurations and operational principles discussed with reference tothe first remote unit 304(1) and the second remote unit 304(2) areapplicable to any of the reasonable number of remote units in the WDS300.

The central unit 302 includes a first downlink circuit 306(1), a seconddownlink circuit 306(2), a first uplink circuit 308(1), and a seconduplink circuit 308(2). In a non-limiting example, the first downlinkcircuit 306(1) and the second downlink circuit 306(2) can be configuredto process the downlink communications signals 305D (e.g., frequencyshift, analog to digital conversion, etc.) for distribution to theremote units 304(1), 304(2), respectively. Likewise, the first uplinkcircuit 308(1) and the second uplink circuit 308(2) can be configured toprocess the uplink communications signals 305U (e.g., frequency shift,digital to analog conversion, etc.) received from the remote units304(1), 304(2), respectively. The first downlink circuit 306(1) iscommunicatively coupled to a first downlink interface 310(1) in thefirst remote unit 304(1) over a first downlink communications medium312(1). The first uplink circuit 308(1) is communicatively coupled to afirst uplink interface 314(1) in the first remote unit 304(1) over afirst uplink communications medium 316(1). The second downlink circuit306(2) is communicatively coupled to a second downlink interface 310(2)in the second remote unit 304(2) over a second downlink communicationsmedium 312(2). The second uplink circuit 308(2) is communicativelycoupled to a second uplink interface 314(2) in the second remote unit304(2) over a second uplink communications medium 316(2).

The first remote unit 304(1) includes at least one first antenna 318(1)for transmitting the downlink communications signals 305D to the clientdevices 303 and receiving the uplink communications signals 305U fromthe client devices 303. In a non-limiting example, the at least onefirst antenna 318(1) includes a first transmit (TX) antenna 320(1) and afirst receive (RX) antenna 322(1). The second remote unit 304(2)includes at least one second antenna 318(2) for transmitting thedownlink communications signals 305D to the client devices 303 andreceiving the uplink communications signals 305U from the client devices303. In a non-limiting example, the at least one second antenna 318(2)includes a second TX antenna 320(2) and a second RX antenna 322(2). In anon-limiting example, both the first TX antenna 320(1) and the second TXantenna 320(2) can be configured to receive the uplink communicationssignals 305U from the client devices 303, as well.

The central unit 302 includes an I/O interface 324 that iscommunicatively coupled to a signal source 326 to receive a modulatedsignal 328. In a non-limiting example, the signal source 326 is a signalgenerator. Accordingly, the modulated signal 328 may be a downlink testsignal received from the signal generator. In this regard, the modulatedsignal 328 may be analog modulated or digitally modulated to provide adistinguishable signal pattern. In a first non-limiting example, thesignal source 326 is provided outside the central unit 302 and isconfigured to provide the modulated signal 328 to the I/O interface 324.In a second non-limiting example, the signal source 326 is providedinside the central unit 302 and is configured to provide the modulatedsignal 328 to the I/O interface 324.

According to previous discussions in FIG. 2, the downlink propagationdelay and the uplink propagation delay determined based on theassumption that the downlink propagation delay and the uplinkpropagation delay are symmetric will no longer be accurate when thedownlink signal 210 and the uplink signal 212 are communicated overdifferent signal paths. As a result, it can hinder the ability of thecentral unit 202 to accurately determine locations of client devices.Further, it can also hinder the ability of the signal source 216 indetermining accurate TA for the client devices. As such, it is desiredto accurately determine the downlink and uplink propagations in the WDS300 to enable accurate location identifications and TA assignments forthe client devices 303. In the WDS 300, it is possible to determine aplurality of propagation delays between the central unit 302, the firstremote unit 304(1), and the second remote unit 304(2) without assumingthat downlink propagation delay and uplink propagation delay aresymmetric. According to a non-limiting example discussed in more detailbelow, the WDS 300 is configured to determine a first downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL1)) from the I/O interface 324 to the firstdownlink interface 310(1) and a first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1))from the first uplink interface 314(1) to the I/O interface 324. In anon-limiting example, by accurately determining the first downlinkpropagation delay and the first uplink propagation delay, it is possibleto accurately determine locations and TAs for the client devices 303communicating through the first remote unit 304(1). The WDS 300 is alsoconfigured to determine a second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2))from the I/O interface 324 to the second downlink interface 310(2) and asecond uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)) from the second uplinkinterface 314(2) to the I/O interface 324. In another non-limitingexample, by accurately determining the second downlink propagation delayand the second uplink propagation delay, it is possible to accuratelydetermine locations and TAs for the client devices 303 communicatingthrough the second remote unit 304(2). In addition, the WDS 300 isconfigured to determine a remote unit-to remote unit (RU-to-RU)propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) from the first TX antenna 320(1) to thesecond RX antenna 322(2) or from the second TX antenna 320(2) to thefirst RX antenna 322(1). In another non-limiting example, by determiningthe RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) between the first remote unit304(1) and the second remote unit 304(2), it is possible to determinerelative distances from the client devices 303 to the first remote unit304(1) and the second remote unit 304(2), thus enabling more accuratelocation identification for the client devices 303 based on moresophisticated algorithms such as the triangulation algorithm. Incontrast to the WDS 200 of FIG. 2, the WDS 300 is configured todetermine the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the firstuplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and theRU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) without assuming that the firstdownlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)) is equal to the first uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL1)) and/or that the second downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL2)) is equal to the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)). As such, the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), and the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)) are determined with improved precision to account forpropagation delay variations associated with different communicationsmediums (e.g., wireless communications medium, optical communicationsmedium, etc.). As a result, the signal source 326 is able to moreaccurately determine TAs for the client devices 303 in the WDS 300. As aresult, the central unit 302 is able to improve accuracy of localizationtechniques used for location determination in the WDS 300 based on thefirst downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagationdelay (T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), thesecond uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and the TAs determined by thesignal source 326 to accommodate for downlink and uplink propagationdelays in the WDS 300. Furthermore, by determining the RU-to-RUpropagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) between the first remote unit 304(1), thesecond remote unit 304(2), and any other remote units in the WDS 300, itis possible to employ advanced location determination algorithms (e.g.,triangulation algorithm) to determine location(s) of client device(s) inthe WDS 300.

With reference back to FIG. 3, to determine the first downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay(T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the seconduplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)), a controller 330 is provided in the WDS 300. The controller330 is configured to determine the first downlink propagation delay(T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the seconddownlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagationdelay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU))according to a process as discussed next in FIG. 4. In this regard, FIG.4 is a flowchart of an exemplary high-level process 400 that can beemployed by the controller 330 for determining downlink and uplinkpropagation delays in the WDS 300. With reference to FIG. 4, thecontroller 330 determines the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1))between the I/O interface 324 in the central unit 302 and the firstremote unit 304(1) (block 402). The controller 330 also determines thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)) between the I/O interface 324in the central unit 302 and the first remote unit 304(1) (block 404).The controller 330 also determines the second downlink propagation delay(T_(DL2)) between the I/O interface 324 in the central unit 302 and thesecond remote unit 304(2) (block 406). The controller 330 alsodetermines the second uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)) between the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 302 and the second remote unit 304(2)(block 408). The controller 330 also determines the RU-to-RU propagationdelay (T_(RU2RU)) between the first remote unit 304(1) and the secondremote unit 304(2) (block 410). In this regard, the first downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay(T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the seconduplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)) are treated as five variables to be determined. Tomathematically determine the five variables, it is necessary toestablish five different propagation delay equations. Each of the fivepropagation delay equations includes at least one of the five variablesselected among the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the firstuplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and theRU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)). As is further discussed later inFIGS. 6-10, the controller 330 is configured to determine the fivepropagation delay equations based on ten signal paths. The controller330 is further configured to determine the first downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), thesecond downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)) by mathematically solving the five propagation delayequations. As such, the controller 330 may be configured to determinelocations of the client devices 303 in the WDS 300.

In a non-limiting example, the controller 330 is communicatively coupledto the central unit 302. In addition, the controller 330 may also becommunicatively coupled to the first remote unit 304(1) and the secondremote unit 304(2) either directly or via the central unit 302. Thecontroller 330 can be configured to determine the first downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay(T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the seconduplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)) based on a plurality of comparator circuits. In non-limitingexamples discussed hereinafter, the plurality of comparator circuitsincludes a first central unit comparator circuit (CUCC1) 332, a secondcentral unit comparator circuit (CUCC2) 334, a first remote unitcomparator circuit (RUCC1) 336(1), and a second remote unit comparatorcircuit (RUCC2) 336(2). The first central unit comparator circuit 332and the second central unit comparator circuit 334 are provided in thecentral unit 302. The first remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) andthe second remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) are provided in thefirst remote unit 304(1) and the second remote unit 304(2),respectively.

Each of the first central unit comparator circuit 332, the secondcentral unit comparator circuit 334, the first remote unit comparatorcircuit 336(1), and the second remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) inthe WDS 300 is configured to receive two modulated signals via twodistinct signal paths and determine whether the two modulated signalsexperience equal propagation delays over the two distinct signal paths.In this regard, FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary comparatorcircuit 500, which can be any of the first central unit comparatorcircuit 332, the second central unit comparator circuit 334, the firstremote unit comparator circuit 336(1), and the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2) of FIG. 3, configured to determine whether afirst modulated signal 502 and a second modulated signal 504 haveexperienced equal propagation delays when arriving at the comparatorcircuit 500.

With reference to FIG. 5, the comparator circuit 500 includes a firstreceiver circuit 506 for receiving the first modulated signal 502 and asecond receiver circuit 508 for receiving the second modulated signal504. The first modulated signal 502 and the second modulated signal 504are analog or digitally modulated with identical information at a signalsource 510, which can be the signal source 326 of FIG. 3, for example.In this regard, both the first modulated signal 502 and the secondmodulated signal 504 have signal patterns 512(1), 512(2) that areidentical when leaving the signal source 510. The first modulated signal502 and the second modulated signal 504 propagate from the signal source510 to the comparator circuit 500 via a first signal path 514 and asecond signal path 516, respectively. In a non-limiting example, thefirst signal path 514 is different from the second signal path 516. Assuch, the first modulated signal 502 experiences a first propagationdelay (T_(D1)) when arriving at the comparator circuit 500 over thefirst signal path 514. The second modulated signal 504 experiences asecond propagation delay (T_(D2)) when arriving at the comparatorcircuit 500 over the second signal path 516.

The comparator circuit 500 includes a correlator circuit 518. Thecorrelator circuit 518 is configured to compare the signal pattern512(1) of the first modulated signal 502 with the signal pattern 512(2)of the second modulated signal 504 to determine whether the firstpropagation delay (T_(D1)) and the second propagation delay (T_(D2)) areequal. The correlator circuit 518 determines that the first propagationdelay (T_(D1)) equals the second propagation delay (T_(D2))(T_(D1)=T_(D2)) if the signal pattern 512(1) of the first modulatedsignal 502 matches the signal pattern 512(2) of the second modulatedsignal 504. In this regard, the correlator circuit 518 is able todetermine that a propagation delay equation (T_(D1)=T_(D2)) existsbetween the first signal path 514 and the second signal path 516.

In contrast, the correlator circuit 518 determines that the firstmodulated signal 502 experiences longer propagation delay than thesecond modulated signal 504 (T_(D1)>T_(D2)) if the signal pattern 512(1)of the first modulated signal 502 lags the signal pattern 512(2) of thesecond modulated signal 504. Similarly, the correlator circuit 518determines that the first modulated signal 502 experiences shorterpropagation delay than the second modulated signal 504 (T_(D1)<T_(D2))if the signal pattern 512(2) of the second modulated signal 504 lags thesignal pattern 512(1) of the first modulated signal 502. In both cases,the correlator circuit 518 determines that a propagation delay equationdoes not exist between the first signal path 514 and the second signalpath 516. In a non-limiting example, the correlator circuit 518generates an indication signal 520 indicating whether the propagationdelay equation (T_(D1)=T_(D2)) exists between the first signal path 514and the second signal path 516. The correlator circuit 518 provides theindication signal 520 to the controller 330 of FIG. 3, for example.

With reference back to FIG. 3, the controller 330 configures twodistinct signal paths for each of the first central unit comparatorcircuit 332, the second central unit comparator circuit 334, the firstremote unit comparator circuit 336(1), and the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2) in the WDS 300. The signal source 326 providesthe modulated signal 328 to the two distinct signal paths leading toeach of the first central unit comparator circuit 332, the secondcentral unit comparator circuit 334, the first remote unit comparatorcircuit 336(1), and the second remote unit comparator circuit 336(2).According to discussions above, the controller 330 is able to obtain aset of propagation delay equations at the first central unit comparatorcircuit 332, the second central unit comparator circuit 334, the firstremote unit comparator circuit 336(1), and the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2). In the non-limiting examples discussedhereinafter, the controller 330 is configured to utilize the firstcentral unit comparator circuit 332, the second central unit comparatorcircuit 334, the first remote unit comparator circuit 336(1), and thesecond remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) to generate fivepropagation delay equations. Among the five propagation delay equations,a first propagation delay equation (Eq. 1) and a second propagationdelay equation (Eq. 2) both include the first downlink propagation delay(T_(DL1)), the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), and theRU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) a third propagation delayequation (Eq. 3) includes the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1))and the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), a fourth propagationdelay equation (Eq. 4) includes the second downlink propagation delay(T_(DL2)) and the second uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and a fifthpropagation delay equation (Eq. 5) includes the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)),and the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)). Hence, bymathematically solving the five propagation delay equations, thecontroller 330 is able to determine the first downlink propagation delay(T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the seconddownlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagationdelay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)).

With continuing reference to FIG. 3, in a non-limiting example, thecentral unit 302 includes switches S1-S8. Switches S1 and S2 areconfigured to couple (closed) or decouple (open) the central unit 302 tothe I/O interface 324. When the central unit 302 is coupled to the I/Ointerface 324, the central unit 302 receives the modulated signal 328from the signal source 326. Switches S3 and S4 are configured to couple(closed) or decouple (open) a first delay circuit 338 and a second delaycircuit 340 to switches S1 and S2, respectively. Switches S5 and S6 areconfigured to couple (closed) or decouple (open) the first downlinkcircuit 306(1) and the second downlink circuit 306(2) to switches S1 andS2, respectively. Switches S7 and S8 are configured to couple (closed)or decouple (open) the first central unit comparator circuit 332 and thesecond central unit comparator circuit 334 to the first delay circuit338 and the second delay circuit 340, respectively.

The first remote unit 304(1) includes switches S9 and S10. In anon-limiting example, both switches S9 and S10 are three-way switches.Switch S9 is coupled to either the first remote unit comparator circuit336(1) or a first remote unit downlink circuit 342(1), or remains open.When switch S9 is coupled to the first remote unit comparator circuit336(1), the first remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) is coupled tothe first downlink interface 310(1). When switch S9 is coupled to thefirst remote unit downlink circuit 342(1), the first remote unitdownlink circuit 342(1) is coupled to the first downlink interface310(1). When switch S9 is open, the first remote unit comparator circuit336(1) and the first remote unit downlink circuit 342(1) are bothdecoupled from the first downlink interface 310(1). Switch S10 iscoupled to either the first remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) or afirst remote unit uplink circuit 344(1), or remains open. When switchS10 is coupled to the first remote unit comparator circuit 336(1), thefirst remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) is coupled to the first RXantenna 322(1). When switch S10 is coupled to the first remote unituplink circuit 344(1), the first remote unit uplink circuit 344(1) iscoupled to the first RX antenna 322(1). When switch S10 is open, thefirst remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) and the first remote unituplink circuit 344(1) are both decoupled from the first RX antenna322(1).

The second remote unit 304(2) includes switches S11 and S12. In anon-limiting example, both switches S11 and S12 are three-way switches.Switch S11 is coupled to either the second remote unit comparatorcircuit 336(2) or a second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2), orremains open. When switch S11 is coupled to the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2), the second remote unit comparator circuit336(2) is coupled to the second downlink interface 310(2). When switchS11 is coupled to the second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2), thesecond remote unit downlink circuit 342(2) is coupled to the seconddownlink interface 310(2). When switch S11 is open, the second remoteunit comparator circuit 336(2) and the second remote unit downlinkcircuit 342(2) are both decoupled from the second downlink interface310(2). Switch S12 is coupled to either the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2) or a second remote unit uplink circuit 344(2),or remains open. When switch S12 is coupled to the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2), the second remote unit comparator circuit336(2) is coupled to the second RX antenna 322(2). When switch S12 iscoupled to the second remote unit uplink circuit 344(2), the secondremote unit uplink circuit 344(2) is coupled to the second RX antenna322(2). When switch S12 is open, the second remote unit comparatorcircuit 336(2) and the second remote unit uplink circuit 344(2) are bothdecoupled from the second RX antenna 322(2).

In a non-limiting example, the first downlink communications medium312(1), the second downlink communications medium 312(2), the firstuplink communications medium 316(1), and the second uplinkcommunications medium 316(2) are a first optical fiber-based downlinkcommunications medium 312′(1), a second optical fiber-based downlinkcommunications medium 312′(2), a first optical fiber-based uplinkcommunications medium 316′(1), and a second optical fiber-based uplinkcommunications medium 316′(2), respectively. In this regard, the centralunit 302 includes a first electrical-to-optical (E/O) converter 346, asecond E/O converter 348, a first optical-to-electrical (O/E) converter350, and a second O/E converter 352. The first E/O converter 346 isconfigured to couple the first downlink circuit 306(1) to the firstoptical fiber-based downlink communications medium 312′(1). The secondE/O converter 348 is configured to couple the second downlink circuit306(2) to the second optical fiber-based downlink communications medium312′(2). The first O/E converter 350 is configured to couple the firstoptical fiber-based uplink communications medium 316′(1) to the firstuplink circuit 308(1). The second O/E converter 352 is configured tocouple the second optical fiber-based uplink communications medium316′(2) to the second uplink circuit 308(2).

The first remote unit 304(1) includes a first remote unit O/E converter354(1) and a first remote unit E/O converter 356(1). The first remoteunit O/E converter 354(1) is configured to couple the first downlinkinterface 310(1) to switch S9. The first remote unit E/O converter356(1) is configured to couple the first remote unit uplink circuit344(1) to the first uplink interface 314(1). The second remote unit304(2) includes a second remote unit O/E converter 354(2) and a secondremote unit E/O converter 356(2). The second remote unit O/E converter354(2) is configured to couple the second downlink interface 310(2) toswitch S11. The second remote unit E/O converter 356(2) is configured tocouple the second remote unit uplink circuit 344(2) to the second uplinkinterface 314(2).

With continuing reference to FIG. 3, the controller 330 configures eachof the first central unit comparator circuit 332, the second centralunit comparator circuit 334, the first remote unit comparator circuit336(1), and the second remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) to generatethe five propagation delay equations for determining the first downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL1)), the first uplink propagation delay(T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the seconduplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)) by configuring the switches S1-S12 in the WDS 300. Detailsregarding respective configurations for generating the five propagationdelay equations are discussed next with references to FIGS. 6-10.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS 600 adapted from theWDS 300 of FIG. 3 to generate the first propagation delay equation(Eq. 1) for determining the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)),the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) in the WDS300. Common elements between FIGS. 3 and 6 are shown therein with commonelement numbers and will not be re-described herein. With reference toFIG. 6, the WDS 600 includes a central unit 602, at least one firstremote unit 604(1), and at least one second remote unit 604(2). SwitchesS1 and S2 are closed to couple the central unit 602 to the I/O interface324 to receive the modulated signal 328 from the signal source 326.Switches S3 and S4 are closed to couple the first delay circuit 338 andthe second delay circuit 340 to switches S1 and S2, respectively. Sinceswitch S1 and S2 are both closed, the first delay circuit 338 and thesecond delay circuit 340 are therefore coupled to the I/O interface 324to receive the modulated signal 328. Switches S7 and S8 are configuredto couple the first downlink circuit 306(1) and the second downlinkcircuit 306(2) to the first delay circuit 338 and the second delaycircuit 340, respectively.

In the first remote unit 604(1), switch S9 is configured to couple thefirst remote unit downlink circuit 342(1) to the first downlinkinterface 310(1). The first remote unit downlink circuit 342(1) is alsocommunicatively coupled to the first TX antenna 320(1). In the secondremote unit 604(2), switch S11 is configured to couple the second remoteunit comparator circuit 336(2) to the second downlink interface 310(2).Switch S12 is configured to communicatively couple the second remoteunit comparator circuit 336(2) to the second RX antenna 322(2).

With continuing reference to FIG. 6, in the WDS 600, the modulatedsignal 328 is configured to propagate from the I/O interface 324 to thesecond remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) via a first signal path 606and a second signal path 608. On the first signal path 606, the firstdelay circuit 338 receives the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324. The controller 330 controls the first delay circuit 338to delay the received modulated signal 328 by a respective first delay(T_(DELAY1)) to generate a first delayed modulated signal 610. The firstdownlink circuit 306(1) receives the first delayed modulated signal 610from the first delay circuit 338 and provides the first delayedmodulated signal 610 to the first downlink interface 310(1) over thefirst downlink communications medium 312(1). The first remote unitdownlink circuit 342(1) receives the first delayed modulated signal 610from the first downlink interface 310(1) and provides the first delayedmodulated signal 610 to the first TX antenna 320(1). The second RXantenna 322(2) in the second remote unit 604(2) receives the firstdelayed modulated signal 610 from the first TX antenna 320(1) andprovides the first delayed modulated signal 610 to the second remoteunit comparator circuit 336(2). In this regard, the modulated signal 328propagating along the first signal path 606 experiences a firstpropagation delay (T_(TOTAL1)) that includes the first delay(T_(DELAY1)), the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), a firstremote unit downlink propagation delay (T_(RDL1)) associated with thefirst remote unit downlink circuit 342(1), the RU-to-RU propagationdelay (T_(RU2RU)) from the first TX antenna 320(1) to the second RXantenna 322(2), and a second antenna delay (T_(ANT2)) between the secondRX antenna 322(2) and the second remote unit comparator circuit 366(2)(T_(TOTAL1)=T_(DELAY1)+T_(DL1)+T_(RDL1)+T_(RU2RU)+T_(ANT2)).

In the second signal path 608, the second delay circuit 340 receives themodulated signal 328. The controller 330 controls the second delaycircuit 340 to delay the received modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 by a respective second delay (T_(DELAY2)) to generate asecond delayed modulated signal 612. The second downlink circuit 306(2)receives the second delayed modulated signal 612 from the second delaycircuit 340 and provides the second delayed modulated signal 612 to thesecond downlink interface 310(2) over the second downlink communicationsmedium 312(2). The second remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) receivesthe second delayed modulated signal 612 from the second downlinkinterface 310(2). In this regard, the modulated signal 328 propagatingalong the second signal path 608 experiences a second propagation delay(T_(TOTAL2)) that includes the second delay (T_(DELAY2)), the seconddownlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), and a second interface delay(T_(I/F2) ) between the second downlink interface 310(2) and the secondremote unit comparator circuit 366(2)(T_(TOTAL2)=T_(DELAY2)+T_(DL2)+T_(I/F2)).

With continuing reference to FIG. 6, the controller 330 controls thefirst delay circuit 338 and/or the second delay circuit 340 to adjustthe first delay (T_(DELAY1)) and/or the second delay (T_(DELAY2)) untilthe first propagation delay (T_(TOTAL1)) equals the second propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL2)). In a non-limiting example, if the first propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL1)) is greater than the second propagation delay(T_(TOTAL2)), the controller 330 decreases the first delay (T_(DELAY1))and/or increases the second delay (T_(DELAY2)) until the firstpropagation delay (T_(TOTAL1)) and the second propagation delay(T_(TOTAL2)) are equal. In contrast, if the first propagation delay(T_(TOTAL1)) is less than the second propagation delay (T_(TOTAL2)), thecontroller 330 increases the first delay (T_(DELAY1)) and/or decreasesthe second delay (T_(DELAY2)) until the first propagation delay(T_(TOTAL1)) and the second propagation delay (T_(TOTAL2)) are equal.When the first propagation delay (T_(TOTAL1)) and the second propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL2)) are equal to each other, the controller 330 can thusgenerate the first propagation delay equation (Eq. 1) as below.T _(DELAY1) +T _(DL1) +T _(RDL1) +T _(RU2RU) +T _(ANT2) =T _(DELAY2) +T_(DL2) +T _(I/F2)  (Eq. 1)

Among the parameters in the first propagation equation, the firstdownlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)), and the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)) areunknown. The first delay (T_(DELAY1)) and the second delay (T_(DELAY2))are known based on the settings of the first delay circuit 338 and thesecond delay circuit 340. The first remote unit downlink propagationdelay (T_(RDL1)), the second antenna delay (T_(ANT2)), and the secondinterface delay (T_(I/F2)) can be measured at the first remote unit604(1) and the second remote unit 604(2) during a testing or acommissioning stage.

With continuing reference to FIG. 6, in a non-limiting example, thecentral unit 602 includes the first E/O converter 346 and the second E/Oconverter 348. The first E/O converter 346 is configured to receive thefirst delayed modulated signal 610 from the first downlink circuit306(1) to generate a first optical delayed modulated signal 610′. Thefirst E/O converter 346 provides the first optical delayed modulatedsignal 610′ to the first downlink interface 310(1) over the firstoptical fiber-based downlink communications medium 312′(1). The secondE/O converter 348 is configured to receive the second delayed modulatedsignal 612 from the second downlink circuit 306(2) to generate a secondoptical delayed modulated signal 612′. The second E/O converter 348provides the second optical delayed modulated signal 612′ to the seconddownlink interface 310(2) over the second optical fiber-based downlinkcommunications medium 312′(2).

The first remote unit 604(1) includes the first remote unit O/Econverter 354(1) configured to receive the first optical delayedmodulated signal 610′ from the first downlink interface 310(1). Thefirst remote unit O/E converter 354(1) converts the first opticaldelayed modulated signal 610′ into the first delayed modulated signal610 and provides the first delayed modulated signal 610 to the firstremote unit downlink circuit 342(1) via switch S9. The second remoteunit 604(2) includes the second remote unit O/E converter 354(2)configured to receive the second optical delayed modulated signal 612′from the second downlink interface 310(2). The second remote unit O/Econverter 354(2) converts the second optical delayed modulated signal612′ into the second delayed modulated signal 612 and provides thesecond delayed modulated signal 612 to the second remote unit comparatorcircuit 336(2) via switch S11.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS 700 adapted from theWDS 300 of FIG. 3 to generate the second propagation delay equation (Eq.2) for determining the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) in the WDS300. Common elements between FIGS. 3 and 7 are shown therein with commonelement numbers and will not be re-described herein. With reference toFIG. 7, the WDS 700 includes a central unit 702, at least one firstremote unit 704(1), and at least one second remote unit 704(2). SwitchesS1 and S2 are closed to couple the central unit 702 to the I/O interface324 to receive the modulated signal 328 from the signal source 326.Switches S3 and S4 are closed to couple the first delay circuit 338 andthe second delay circuit 340 to switches S1 and S2, respectively. Sinceswitches S1 and S2 are both closed, the first delay circuit 338 and thesecond delay circuit 340 are therefore coupled to the I/O interface 324to receive the modulated signal 328. Switches S7 and S8 are configuredto couple the first downlink circuit 306(1) and the second downlinkcircuit 306(2) to the first delay circuit 338 and the second delaycircuit 340, respectively.

In the first remote unit 704(1), switch S9 is configured to couple thefirst remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) to the first downlinkinterface 310(1). Switch S10 is configured to communicatively couple thefirst remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) to the first RX antenna322(1). In the second remote unit 704(2), switch S11 is configured tocouple the second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2) to the seconddownlink interface 310(2). The second remote unit downlink circuit342(2) is also communicatively coupled to the second TX antenna 320(2).

With continuing reference to FIG. 7, in the WDS 700, the modulatedsignal 328 is configured to propagate from the I/O interface 324 to thefirst remote unit comparator circuit 336(1) via a third signal path 706and a fourth signal path 708. In the third signal path 706, the firstdelay circuit 338 receives the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324. The controller 330 controls the first delay circuit 338to delay the received modulated signal 328 by a respective first delay(T_(DELAY1)) to generate a first delayed modulated signal 710. The firstdownlink circuit 306(1) receives the first delayed modulated signal 710from the first delay circuit 338 and provides the first delayedmodulated signal 710 to the first downlink interface 310(1) over thefirst downlink communications medium 312(1). The first remote unitcomparator circuit 336(1) receives the first delayed modulated signal710 from the first downlink interface 310(1). In this regard, themodulated signal 328 propagating along the third signal path 706experiences a third propagation delay (T_(TOTAL3)) that includes thefirst delay (T_(DELAY1)), the first downlink propagation delay(T_(DL1)), and a first interface delay (T_(I/F1)) between the firstdownlink interface 310(1) and the first remote unit comparator circuit366(1) (T_(TOTAL3)=T_(DELAY1)+T_(DL1)+T_(I/F1)).

In the fourth signal path 708, the second delay circuit 340 receives themodulated signal 328 from the I/O interface 324. The controller 330controls the second delay circuit 340 to delay the received modulatedsignal 328 by a respective second delay (T_(DELAY2)) to generate asecond delayed modulated signal 712. The second downlink circuit 306(2)receives the second delayed modulated signal 712 from the second delaycircuit 340 and provides the second delayed modulated signal 712 to thesecond downlink interface 310(2) over the second downlink communicationsmedium 312(2). The second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2) receivesthe second delayed modulated signal 712 from the second downlinkinterface 310(2) and provides the second delayed modulated signal 712 tothe second TX antenna 320(2). The first RX antenna 322(1) in the firstremote unit 704(1) receives the second delayed modulated signal 712 fromthe second TX antenna 320(2) and provides the second delayed modulatedsignal 712 to the first remote unit comparator circuit 336(1). In thisregard, the modulated signal 328 propagating along the fourth signalpath 708 experiences a fourth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL4)) thatincludes the second delay (T_(DELAY2)), the second downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL2)), a second remote unit downlink propagation delay(T_(RDL2)) associated with the second remote unit downlink circuit342(2), the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) between the second TXantenna 320(2) and the first RX antenna 322(1), and a first antennadelay (T_(ANT1)) between the first RX antenna 322(1) and the firstremote unit comparator circuit 366(1)(T_(TOTAL4)=T_(DELAY2)+T_(DL2)+T_(RDL2)+T_(RU2RU)+T_(ANT1)).

With continuing reference to FIG. 7, the controller 330 controls thefirst delay circuit 338 and/or the second delay circuit 340 to adjustthe first delay (T_(DELAY1)) and/or the second delay (T_(DELAY2)) untilthe third propagation delay (T_(TOTAL3)) equals the fourth propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL4)). In a non-limiting example, if the third propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL3)) is greater than the fourth propagation delay(T_(TOTAL4)), the controller 330 may decrease the T_(DELAY3) and/orincrease the T_(DELAY4) until the third propagation delay (T_(TOTAL3))and the fourth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL4)) are equal. In contrast, ifthe third propagation delay (T_(TOTAL3)) is less than the fourthpropagation delay (T_(TOTAL4)), the controller 330 may increase theT_(DELAY3) and/or decrease the T_(DELAY4) until the third propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL3)) and the fourth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL4)) areequal. When the third propagation delay (T_(TOTAL3)) and the fourthpropagation delay (T_(TOTAL4)) are equal to each other, the controller330 can thus generate the second propagation delay equation (Eq. 2) asbelow.T _(DELAY1) +T _(DL1) +T _(I/F1) =T _(DELAY2) +T _(DL2) +T _(RDL2) +T_(RU2RU) +T _(ANT1)  (Eq. 2)

Among the parameters in the second propagation equation, the firstdownlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)), and the second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)) areunknown. The first delay (T_(DELAY1)) and the second delay (T_(DELAY2))are known based on the settings of the first delay circuit 338 and thesecond delay circuit 340, respectively. The first interface delay(T_(I/F1)), the second remote unit downlink propagation delay(T_(RDL2)), and the first antenna delay (T_(ANT1)) can be measured atthe first remote unit 704(1) and the second remote unit 704(2) during afactory final testing.

With continuing reference to FIG. 7, in a non-limiting example, thecentral unit 702 includes the first E/O converter 346 and the second E/Oconverter 348. The first E/O converter 346 is configured to receive thefirst delayed modulated signal 710 from the first downlink circuit306(1) to generate a first optical delayed modulated signal 710′. Thefirst E/O converter 346 provides the first optical delayed modulatedsignal 710′ to the first downlink interface 310(1) over the firstoptical fiber-based downlink communications medium 312′(1). The secondE/O converter 348 is configured to receive the second delayed modulatedsignal 712 from the second downlink circuit 306(2) to generate a secondoptical delayed modulated signal 712′. The second E/O converter 348provides the second optical delayed modulated signal 712′ to the seconddownlink interface 310(2) over the second optical fiber-based downlinkcommunications medium 312′(2).

The first remote unit 704(1) includes the first remote unit O/Econverter 354(1) configured to receive the first optical delayedmodulated signal 710′ from the first downlink interface 310(1). Thefirst remote unit O/E converter 354(1) converts the first opticaldelayed modulated signal 710′ into the first delayed modulated signal710 and provides the first delayed modulated signal 710 to the firstremote unit comparator circuit 336(1) via switch S9. The second remoteunit 704(2) includes the second remote unit O/E converter 354(2)configured to receive the second optical delayed modulated signal 712′from the second downlink interface 310(2). The second remote unit O/Econverter 354(2) converts the second optical delayed modulated signal712′ into the second delayed modulated signal 712 and provides thesecond delayed modulated signal 712 to the second remote unit downlinkcircuit 342(2) via switch S11.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS 800 adapted from theWDS 300 of FIG. 3 to generate the third propagation delay equation (Eq.3) for determining the first downlink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) in the WDS300. Common elements between FIGS. 3 and 8 are shown therein with commonelement numbers and will not be re-described herein. With reference toFIG. 8, the WDS 800 includes a central unit 802 and at least one firstremote unit 804. Switch S1 is closed to couple the central unit 802 tothe I/O interface 324 to receive the modulated signal 328 from thesignal source 326. Switch S3 is closed to couple the first delay circuit338 to switch S1. Since switch S1 is also closed, the first delaycircuit 338 is therefore coupled to the I/O interface 324 to receive themodulated signal 328. Switch S5 is closed to couple the first downlinkcircuit 306(1) to switch S1 to receive the modulated signal 328. SwitchS7 is closed to couple the first central unit comparator circuit 332 tothe first delay circuit 338. In the first remote unit 804, switch S9 isclosed to couple the first remote unit downlink circuit 342(1) to thefirst downlink interface 310(1). Switch S10 is closed to couple thefirst remote unit uplink circuit 344(1) to the first RX antenna 322(1).

With continuing reference to FIG. 8, in the WDS 800, the modulatedsignal 328 is configured to propagate from the I/O interface 324 to thefirst central unit comparator circuit 332 via a fifth signal path 806and a sixth signal path 808. In the fifth signal path 806, the firstdelay circuit 338 receives the modulated signal 328. The controller 330controls the first delay circuit 338 to delay the received modulatedsignal 328 by a respective first delay (T_(DELAY1)) to generate a firstdelayed modulated signal 810, and the first delay circuit 338 providesthe first delayed modulated signal 810 to the first central unitcomparator circuit 332. In this regard, the modulated signal 328propagating along the fifth signal path 806 experiences a fifthpropagation delay (T_(TOTAL5)) that includes the first delay(T_(DELAY1)) (T_(TOTAL5)=T_(DELAY1)).

In the sixth signal path 808, the first downlink circuit 306(1) receivesthe modulated signal 328 from I/O interface 324 and provides themodulated signal 328 to the first downlink interface 310(1) over thefirst downlink communications medium 312(1). The first remote unitdownlink circuit 342(1) receives the modulated signal 328 from the firstdownlink interface 310(1) and provides the modulated signal 328 to thefirst TX antenna 320(1). The first RX antenna 322(1) receives themodulated signal 328 from the first TX antenna 320(1) and provides themodulated signal 328 to the first remote unit uplink circuit 344(1). Thefirst remote unit uplink circuit 344(1) provides the modulated signal328 to the first uplink interface 314(1). The first uplink circuit308(1) receives the modulated signal 328 over the first uplinkcommunications medium 316(1) and provides the modulated signal 328 tothe first central unit comparator circuit 332. In this regard, themodulated signal 328 propagating along the sixth signal path 808experiences a sixth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL6)) that includes thefirst downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the first remote unitdownlink propagation delay (T_(RDL1)) associated with the first remoteunit downlink circuit 342(1), an antenna-to-antenna propagation delay(T_(AA)) from the first TX antenna 320(1) to the first RX antenna322(1), a first remote unit uplink propagation delay (T_(RUL1))associated with the first remote unit uplink circuit 344(1), and thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1))(T_(TOTAL6)=T_(DL1)+T_(RDL1)+T_(AA)+T_(RUL1)+T_(UL1)).

With continuing reference to FIG. 8, the controller 330 controls thefirst delay circuit 338 to adjust the first delay (T_(DELAY1)) until thefifth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL5)) equals the sixth propagation delay(T_(TOTAL6)). When the fifth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL5)) and thesixth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL6)) are equal to each other, thecontroller 330 can thus generate the third propagation delay equation(Eq. 3) as below.T _(DELAY1) =T _(DL1) +T _(RDL1) +T _(AA) +T _(RUL1) +T _(UL1)  (Eq. 3)

Among the parameters in the second propagation equation, the firstdownlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)) and the first uplink propagationdelay (T_(UL1)) are unknown. The first delay (T_(DELAY1)) is known basedon the settings of the first delay circuit 338. The first remote unitdownlink propagation delay (T_(RDL1)), the antenna-to-antennapropagation delay (T_(AA)), and the first remote unit uplink propagationdelay (T_(RUL1)) can be measured at the first remote unit 804 during afactory final testing.

With continuing reference to FIG. 8, in a non-limiting example, thecentral unit 802 includes the first E/O converter 346 and the first O/Econverter 350. The first E/O converter 346 is configured to receive themodulated signal 328 from the first downlink circuit 306(1) to generatean optical modulated signal 328′. The first E/O converter 346 providesthe optical modulated signal 328′ to the first downlink interface 310(1)over the first optical fiber-based downlink communications medium312′(1). The first remote unit 804 includes the first remote unit O/Econverter 354(1) configured to receive the optical modulated signal 328′from the first downlink interface 310(1). The first remote unit O/Econverter 354(1) converts the optical modulated signal 328′ into themodulated signal 328 and provides the modulated signal 328 to the firstremote unit downlink circuit 342(1) via switch S9. The first remote unit804 also includes the first remote unit E/O converter 356(1) configuredto receive the modulated signal 328 from the first remote unit uplinkcircuit 344(1). The first remote unit E/O converter 356(1) converts themodulated signal 328 into the optical modulated signal 328′ and providesthe optical modulated signal 328′ to the first uplink interface 314(1).The first O/E converter 350 in the central unit 802 is configured toreceive the optical modulated signal 328′ over the first opticalfiber-based uplink communications medium 316′(1) and converts theoptical modulated signal 328′ into the modulated signal 328. The firstO/E converter 350 provides the modulated signal 328 to the first uplinkcircuit 308(1).

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS 900 adapted from theWDS 300 of FIG. 3 to generate the fourth propagation delay equation (Eq.4) for determining the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) in the WDS300. Common elements between FIGS. 3 and 9 are shown therein with commonelement numbers and will not be re-described herein. With reference toFIG. 9, the WDS 900 includes a central unit 902 and at least one secondremote unit 904. Switch S2 is closed to couple the central unit 902 tothe I/O interface 324 to receive the modulated signal 328 from thesignal source 326. Switch S4 is closed to couple the second delaycircuit 340 to switch S2. Since switch S2 is closed, the second delaycircuit 340 is therefore coupled to the I/O interface 324 to receive themodulated signal 328. Switch S6 is closed to couple the second downlinkcircuit 306(2) to switch S2 to receive the modulated signal 328. SwitchS8 is closed to couple the second central unit comparator circuit 334 tothe second delay circuit 340. In the second remote unit 904, switch S11is closed to couple the second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2) tothe second downlink interface 310(2). Switch S12 is closed to couple thesecond remote unit uplink circuit 344(2) to the second RX antenna322(2).

With continuing reference to FIG. 9, in the WDS 900, the modulatedsignal 328 is configured to propagate from the I/O interface 324 to thesecond central unit comparator circuit 334 via a seventh signal path 906and an eighth signal path 908. In the seventh signal path 906, thesecond delay circuit 340 receives the modulated signal 328. Thecontroller 330 controls the second delay circuit 340 to delay thereceived modulated signal 328 by a respective second delay (T_(DELAY2))to generate a second delayed modulated signal 910, and the second delaycircuit 340 provides the second delayed modulated signal 910 to thesecond central unit comparator circuit 334. In this regard, themodulated signal 328 propagating along the seventh signal path 906experiences a seventh propagation delay (T_(TOTAL7)) that includes thesecond delay (T_(DELAY2)) (T_(TOTAL7)=T_(DELAY2)).

In the eighth signal path 908, the second downlink circuit 306(2)receives the modulated signal 328 from the I/O interface 324 andprovides the modulated signal 328 to the second downlink interface310(2) over the second downlink communications medium 312(2). The secondremote unit downlink circuit 342(2) receives the modulated signal 328from the second downlink interface 310(2) and provides the modulatedsignal 328 to the second TX antenna 320(2). The second RX antenna 322(2)receives the modulated signal 328 from the second TX antenna 320(2) andprovides the modulated signal 328 to the second remote unit uplinkcircuit 344(2). The second remote unit uplink circuit 344(2) providesthe modulated signal 328 to the second uplink interface 314(2). Thesecond uplink circuit 308(2) receives the modulated signal 328 from thesecond uplink interface 314(2) over the second uplink communicationsmedium 316(2) and provides the modulated signal 328 to the secondcentral unit comparator circuit 334. In this regard, the modulatedsignal 328 propagating along the eighth signal path 908 experiences aneighth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL8)) that includes the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second remote unit downlink propagationdelay (T_(RDL2)) associated with the second remote unit downlink circuit342(2), the antenna-to-antenna propagation delay (T_(AA)) from thesecond TX antenna 320(2) to the second RX antenna 322(2), a secondremote unit uplink propagation delay (T_(RUL2)) associated with thesecond remote unit uplink circuit 344(2), and the second uplinkpropagation delay (T_(UL2))(T_(TOTAL8)=T_(DL2)+T_(RDL2)+T_(AA)+T_(RUL2)+T_(UL2)).

With continuing reference to FIG. 9, the controller 330 controls thesecond delay circuit 340 to adjust the second delay (T_(DELAY2)) untilthe seventh propagation delay (T_(TOTAL7)) equals the eighth propagationdelay (T_(TOTAL8)). When the seventh propagation delay (T_(TOTAL7)) andthe eighth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL8)) are equal to each other, thecontroller 330 can thus generate the fourth propagation delay equation(Eq. 4) as below.T _(DELAY2) =T _(DL2) +T _(RDL2) +T _(AA) +T _(RUL2) +T _(UL2)  (Eq. 4)

Among the parameters in the second propagation equation, the seconddownlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)) and the second uplink propagationdelay (T_(DL2)) are unknown. The second delay (T_(DELAY2)) is knownbased on the settings of the second delay circuit 340. The second remoteunit downlink propagation delay (T_(RDL2)), the antenna-to-antennapropagation delay (T_(AA)), and the second remote unit uplinkpropagation delay (T_(RUL2)) can be measured at the second remote unit904 during a factory final testing.

With continuing reference to FIG. 9, in a non-limiting example, thecentral unit 902 includes the second E/O converter 348 and the secondO/E converter 352. The second E/O converter 348 is configured to receivethe modulated signal 328 from the second downlink circuit 306(2) togenerate the optical modulated signal 328′. The first E/O converter 346provides the optical modulated signal 328′ to the second downlinkinterface 310(2) over the second optical fiber-based downlinkcommunications medium 312′(2). The second remote unit 904 includes thesecond remote unit O/E converter 354(2) configured to receive theoptical modulated signal 328′ from the second downlink interface 310(2).The second remote unit O/E converter 354(2) converts the opticalmodulated signal 328′ into the modulated signal 328 and provides themodulated signal 328 to the second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2)via switch S11. The second remote unit 904 includes the second remoteunit E/O converter 356(2) configured to receive the modulated signal 328from the second remote unit uplink circuit 344(2). The second remoteunit E/O converter 356(2) converts the modulated signal 328 into theoptical modulated signal 328′ and provides the optical modulated signal328′ to the second uplink interface 314(2). The second O/E converter 352in the central unit 902 is configured to receive the optical modulatedsignal 328′ from the second uplink interface 314(2) over the secondoptical fiber-based uplink communications medium 316′(2) and convertsthe optical modulated signal 328′ into the modulated signal 328. Thesecond O/E converter 352 provides the modulated signal 328 to the seconduplink circuit 308(2).

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary WDS 1000 adapted from theWDS 300 of FIG. 3 to generate the fifth propagation delay equation (Eq.5) for determining the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), thefirst uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlinkpropagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay(T_(UL2)), and the RU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) in the WDS300. Common elements between FIGS. 3 and 10 are shown therein withcommon element numbers and will not be re-described herein. Withreference to FIG. 10, the WDS 1000 includes a central unit 1002, atleast one first remote unit 1004(1), and at least one second remote unit1004(2). Switches S1 and S2 are closed to couple the central unit 1002to the I/O interface 324 to receive the modulated signal 328 from thesignal source 326. Switch S3 is closed to couple the first delay circuit338 to switch S1. Since switch S1 is closed, the first delay circuit 338is therefore coupled to the I/O interface 324 to receive the modulatedsignal 328. Switch S7 is closed to couple the first delay circuit 338 tothe first central unit comparator circuit 332. In the first remote unit1004(1), switch S10 is closed to couple the first remote unit uplinkcircuit 344(1) to the first RX antenna 322(1). In the second remote unit1004(2), switch S11 is closed to couple the second remote unit downlinkcircuit 342(2) to the second downlink interface 310(2).

With continuing reference to FIG. 10, in the WDS 1000, the modulatedsignal 328 is configured to propagate from the I/O interface 324 to thefirst central unit comparator circuit 332 via a ninth signal path 1006and a tenth signal path 1008. On the ninth signal path 1006, the firstdelay circuit 338 receives the modulated signal 328. The controller 330controls the first delay circuit 338 to delay the received modulatedsignal 328 by a respective first delay (T_(DELAY1)) to generate a firstdelayed modulated signal 1010. In this regard, the modulated signal 328propagating along the ninth signal path 1006 experiences a ninthpropagation delay (T_(TOTAL9)) that includes the first delay(T_(DELAY1)) (T_(TOTAL9)=T_(DELAY1)).

In the tenth signal path 1008, the second downlink circuit 306(2)receives the modulated signal 328 and provides the modulated signal 328to the second downlink interface 310(2) over the second downlinkcommunications medium 312(2). The second remote unit downlink circuit342(2) in the second remote unit 1004(2) receives the modulated signal328 from the second downlink interface 310(2) and provides the modulatedsignal 328 to the second TX antenna 320(2). The second TX antenna 320(2)transmits the modulated signal 328 to the first RX antenna 322(1) in thefirst remote unit 1004(1). The first remote unit uplink circuit 344(1)receives the modulated signal 328 from the first RX antenna 322(1) andprovides the modulated signal 328 to the first uplink interface 314(1).The first uplink circuit 308(1) in the central unit 1002 receives themodulated signal 328 from the first uplink interface 314(1) over thefirst uplink communications medium 316(1) and provides the modulatedsignal 328 to the first central unit comparator circuit 332. In thisregard, the modulated signal 328 propagating along the tenth signal path1008 experiences a tenth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL10)) that includesthe second downlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the second remote unitdownlink propagation delay (T_(RDL2)), the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)), the first remote unit uplink propagation delay (T_(RUL1)),and the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1))(T_(TOTAL10)=T_(DL2)+T_(RDL2)+T_(RU2RU)+T_(RUL1)+T_(UL1)).

With continuing reference to FIG. 10, the controller 330 controls thefirst delay circuit 338 to adjust the first delay (T_(DELAY1)) until theninth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL9)) equals the tenth propagation delay(T_(TOTAL10)). When the ninth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL9)) and thetenth propagation delay (T_(TOTAL10)) are equal to each other, thecontroller 330 can thus generate the fifth propagation delay equation(Eq. 5) as below.T _(DELAY1) =T _(DL2) +T _(RDL2) +T _(RU2RU) +T _(RUL1) +T _(UL1)  (Eq.5)

Among the parameters in the first propagation equation, the seconddownlink propagation delay (T_(DL2)), the RU-to-RU propagation delay(T_(RU2RU)), and the first uplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)) areunknown. The first delay (T_(DELAY1)) is known based on the settings ofthe first delay circuit 338. The first remote unit downlink propagationdelay (T_(RDL1)) and the second remote unit uplink propagation delay(T_(RUL2)) can be measured at the first remote unit 1004(1) and thesecond remote unit 1004(2) during a testing or a commissioning stage.

With continuing reference to FIG. 10, in a non-limiting example, thecentral unit 1002 includes the second E/O converter 348 and the firstO/E converter 350. The second E/O converter 348 is configured to receivethe modulated signal 328 from the second downlink circuit 306(2) togenerate the optical modulated signal 328′. The second E/O converter 348provides the optical modulated signal 328′ to the second downlinkinterface 310(2) over the second optical fiber-based downlinkcommunications medium 312′(2). The second remote unit 1004(2) includesthe second remote unit O/E converter 354(2) configured to receive theoptical modulated signal 328′ from the second downlink interface 310(2).The second remote unit O/E converter 354(2) converts the opticalmodulated signal 328′ into the modulated signal 328 and provides themodulated signal 328 to the second remote unit downlink circuit 342(2)via switch S11. The first remote unit 1004(1) includes the first remoteunit E/O converter 356(1) configured to receive the modulated signal 328from the first remote unit uplink circuit 344(1). The first remote unitE/O converter 356(1) converts the modulated signal 328 into the opticalmodulated signal 328′ and provides the optical modulated signal 328′ tothe first uplink interface 314(1). The first O/E converter 350 in thecentral unit 1002 is configured to receive the optical modulated signal328′ from the first uplink interface 314(1) over the first opticalfiber-based uplink communications medium 316′(1). The first O/Econverter 350 converts the optical modulated signal 328′ into themodulated signal 328. The first O/E converter 350 provides the modulatedsignal 328 to the first uplink circuit 308(1).

With reference back to FIG. 3, the controller 330 is configured togenerate the five propagation delay equations (Eq. 1 to Eq. 5) fordetermining the first downlink propagation delay (T_(DL1)), the firstuplink propagation delay (T_(UL1)), the second downlink propagationdelay (T_(DL2)), the second uplink propagation delay (T_(UL2)), and theRU-to-RU propagation delay (T_(RU2RU)) according to a propagation delaydetermination process. In this regard, FIGS. 11A-11E illustrate anexemplary propagation delay determination process 1100 that can beemployed by the controller 330 in the WDS 300 of FIG. 3, the WDS 600 ofFIG. 6, the WDS 700 of FIG. 7, the WDS 800 of FIG. 8, the WDS 900 ofFIG. 9, and the WDS 1000 of FIG. 10 to determine the first propagationdelay equation (Eq.1), the second propagation delay equation (Eq. 2),the third propagation delay equation (Eq. 3), the fourth propagationdelay equation (Eq. 4), and the fifth propagation delay equation (Eq.5).

With reference to FIG. 11A, the controller 330 configures the firstsignal path 606 to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 602 to the second remote unitcomparator circuit 336(2) in the second remote unit 604(2). The firstsignal path 606 includes the first delay circuit 338 and corresponds tothe first propagation delay (block 1102). The controller 330 alsoconfigures the second signal path 608, which is different from the firstsignal path 606, to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 to the second remote unit comparator circuit 336(2) in thesecond remote unit 604(2). The second signal path 608 includes thesecond delay circuit 340 and corresponds to the second propagation delay(block 1104). The controller 330 adjusts the first propagation delay bycontrolling the first delay circuit 338 to delay the modulated signal328 on the first signal path 606 (block 1106). The controller 330 alsoadjusts the second propagation delay by controlling the second delaycircuit 340 to delay the modulated signal 328 on the second signal path608 (block 1108). The controller 330 determines the first propagationdelay equation (Eq. 1) at the second remote unit comparator circuit336(2). In the first propagation delay equation (Eq. 1), the firstpropagation delay equals the second propagation delay (block 1110).

With reference to FIG. 11B, the controller 330 configures the thirdsignal path 706 to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 702 to the first remote unitcomparator circuit 336(1) in the first remote unit 704(1). The thirdsignal path 706 includes the first delay circuit 338 and corresponds tothe third propagation delay (block 1112). The controller 330 alsoconfigures the fourth signal path 708, which is different from the thirdsignal path 706, to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 702 to the first remote unitcomparator circuit 336(1) in the first remote unit 704(1). The fourthsignal path 708 includes the second delay circuit 340 and corresponds tothe fourth propagation delay (block 1114). The controller 330 adjuststhe third propagation delay by controlling the first delay circuit 338to delay the modulated signal 328 on the third signal path 706 (block1116). The controller 330 also adjusts the fourth propagation delay bycontrolling the second delay circuit 340 to delay the modulated signal328 on the fourth signal path 708 (block 1118). The controller 330determines the second propagation delay equation (Eq. 2) at the firstremote unit comparator circuit 336(1). In the second propagation delayequation (Eq. 2), the third propagation delay equals the fourthpropagation delay (block 1120).

With reference to FIG. 11C, the controller 330 configures the fifthsignal path 806 to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 802 to the first central unitcomparator circuit 332 in the central unit 802. The fifth signal path806 includes the first delay circuit 338 and corresponds to the fifthpropagation delay (block 1122). The controller 330 configures the sixthsignal path 808, which is different from the fifth signal path 806, toprovide the modulated signal 328 from the I/O interface 324 in thecentral unit 802 to the first central unit comparator circuit 332 in thecentral unit 802. The sixth signal path 808 corresponds to the sixthpropagation delay (block 1124). The controller 330 adjusts the fifthpropagation delay by controlling the first delay circuit 338 to delaythe modulated signal 328 on the fifth signal path 806 (block 1126). Thecontroller 330 determines the third propagation delay equation (Eq. 3)at the first central unit comparator circuit 332. In the thirdpropagation delay equation (Eq. 3), the fifth propagation delay equalsthe sixth propagation delay (block 1128).

With reference to FIG. 11D, the controller 330 configures the seventhsignal path 906 to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 902 to the second central unitcomparator circuit 334 in the central unit 902. The seventh signal path906 includes the second delay circuit 340 and corresponds to the seventhpropagation delay (block 1130). The controller 330 also configures theeighth signal path 908, which is different from the seventh signal path906, to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/O interface 324 inthe central unit 902 to the second central unit comparator circuit 334in the central unit 902. The eighth signal path 908 corresponds to theeighth propagation delay (block 1132). The controller 330 adjusts theseventh propagation delay by controlling the second delay circuit 340 todelay the modulated signal 328 on the seventh signal path 906 (block1134). The controller 330 determines the fourth propagation delayequation (Eq. 4) at the second central unit comparator circuit 334. Inthe fourth propagation delay equation (Eq. 4), the seventh propagationdelay equals the eighth propagation delay (block 1136).

With continuing reference to FIG. 11E, the controller 330 configures theninth signal path 1006 to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/Ointerface 324 in the central unit 1002 to the first central unitcomparator circuit 332 in the central unit 1002. The ninth signal path1006 includes the first delay circuit 338 and corresponds to the ninthpropagation delay (block 1138). The controller 330 also configures thetenth signal path 1008, which is different from the ninth signal path1006, to provide the modulated signal 328 from the I/O interface 324 inthe central unit 1002 to the first central unit comparator circuit 332in the central unit 1002. The tenth signal path 1008 corresponds to thetenth propagation delay (block 1140). The controller 330 adjusts theninth propagation delay by controlling the first delay circuit 338 todelay the modulated signal 328 on the ninth signal path 1006 (block1142). The controller 330 determines the fifth propagation delayequation (Eq. 5) at the first central unit comparator circuit 332. Inthe fifth propagation delay equation (Eq. 5), the ninth propagationdelay equals the tenth propagation delay (block 1144).

The WDS 300 of FIG. 3, the WDS 600 of FIG. 6, the WDS 700 of FIG. 7, theWDS 800 of FIG. 8, the WDS 900 of FIG. 9, and the WDS 1000 of FIG. 10,which are configured to determine propagation delays in the WDS 300, canbe provided in an indoor environment, as illustrated in FIG. 12. FIG. 12is a partial schematic cut-away diagram of an exemplary buildinginfrastructure 1200 in which WDS 300 of FIG. 3, the WDS 600 of FIG. 6,the WDS 700 of FIG. 7, the WDS 800 of FIG. 8, the WDS 900 of FIG. 9, andthe WDS 1000 of FIG. 10 can be employed. The building infrastructure1200 in this embodiment includes a first (ground) floor 1202(1), asecond floor 1202(2), and a third floor 1202(3). The floors1202(1)-1202(3) are serviced by a central unit 1204 to provide antennacoverage areas 1206 in the building infrastructure 1200. The centralunit 1204 is communicatively coupled to a base station 1208 to receivedownlink communications signals 1210D from the base station 1208. Thecentral unit 1204 is communicatively coupled to a plurality of remoteunits 1212 to distribute the downlink communications signals 1210D tothe plurality of remote units 1212 and to receive uplink communicationssignals 1210U from the plurality of remote units 1212, as previouslydiscussed above. The downlink communications signals 1210D and theuplink communications signals 1210U communicated between the centralunit 1204 and the plurality of remote units 1212 are carried over ariser cable 1214. The riser cable 1214 may be routed throughinterconnect units (ICUs) 1216(1)-1216(3) dedicated to each of thefloors 1202(1)-1202(3) that route the downlink communications signals1210D and the uplink communications signals 1210U to the plurality ofremote units 1212 and also provide power to the plurality of remoteunits 1212 via array cables 1218.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram representation of additional detailillustrating an exemplary computer system 1300 that could be employed ina controller, including the controller 330 in WDS 300 of FIG. 3, the WDS600 of FIG. 6, the WDS 700 of FIG. 7, the WDS 800 of FIG. 8, the WDS 900of FIG. 9, and the WDS 1000 of FIG. 10 for determining propagationdelays in the WDS 300. In this regard, the computer system 1300 isadapted to execute instructions from an exemplary computer-readablemedium to perform these and/or any of the functions or processingdescribed herein.

In this regard, the computer system 1300 in FIG. 13 may include a set ofinstructions that may be executed to predict frequency interference toavoid or reduce interference in a multi-frequency DAS. The computersystem 1300 may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines in aLAN, an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. While only a singledevice is illustrated, the term “device” shall also be taken to includeany collection of devices that individually or jointly execute a set (ormultiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein. The computer system 1300 may be acircuit or circuits included in an electronic board card, such as, aprinted circuit board (PCB), a server, a personal computer, a desktopcomputer, a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), acomputing pad, a mobile device, or any other device, and may represent,for example, a server or a user's computer.

The exemplary computer system 1300 in this embodiment includes aprocessing device or processor 1302, a main memory 1304 (e.g., read-onlymemory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), such assynchronous DRAM (SDRAM), etc.), and a static memory 1306 (e.g., flashmemory, static random access memory (SRAM), etc.), which may communicatewith each other via a data bus 1308. Alternatively, the processor 1302may be connected to the main memory 1304 and/or static memory 1306directly or via some other connectivity means. The processor 1302 may bea controller, and the main memory 1304 or static memory 1306 may be anytype of memory.

The processor 1302 represents one or more general-purpose processingdevices, such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, or the like.More particularly, the processor 1302 may be a complex instruction setcomputing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set computing(RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW)microprocessor, a processor implementing other instruction sets, orother processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Theprocessor 1302 is configured to execute processing logic in instructionsfor performing the operations and steps discussed herein.

The computer system 1300 may further include a network interface device1310. The computer system 1300 also may or may not include an input1312, configured to receive input and selections to be communicated tothe computer system 1300 when executing instructions. The computersystem 1300 also may or may not include an output 1314, including butnot limited to a display, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystaldisplay (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), an alphanumeric input device(e.g., a keyboard), and/or a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse).

The computer system 1300 may or may not include a data storage devicethat includes instructions 1316 stored in a computer-readable medium1318. The instructions 1316 may also reside, completely or at leastpartially, within the main memory 1304 and/or within the processor 1302during execution thereof by the computer system 1300, the main memory1304 and the processor 1302 also constituting computer-readable medium.The instructions 1316 may further be transmitted or received over anetwork 1320 via the network interface device 1310.

While the computer-readable medium 1318 is shown in an exemplaryembodiment to be a single medium, the term “computer-readable medium”should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., acentralized or distributed database, and/or associated caches andservers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term“computer-readable medium” shall also be taken to include any mediumthat is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructionsfor execution by the processing device and that cause the processingdevice to perform any one or more of the methodologies of theembodiments disclosed herein. The term “computer-readable medium” shallaccordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-statememories, optical medium, and magnetic medium.

The embodiments disclosed herein include various steps. The steps of theembodiments disclosed herein may be formed by hardware components or maybe embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used tocause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with theinstructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may beperformed by a combination of hardware and software.

The embodiments disclosed herein may be provided as a computer programproduct, or software, that may include a machine-readable medium (orcomputer-readable medium) having stored thereon instructions, which maybe used to program a computer system (or other electronic devices) toperform a process according to the embodiments disclosed herein. Amachine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing ortransmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., acomputer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes: amachine-readable storage medium (e.g., ROM, random access memory(“RAM”), a magnetic disk storage medium, an optical storage medium,flash memory devices, etc.); and the like.

Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that anymethod set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps beperformed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim doesnot actually recite an order to be followed by its steps, or it is nototherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that thesteps are to be limited to a specific order, it is in no way intendedthat any particular order be inferred.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made without departing from thespirit or scope of the invention. Since modifications, combinations,sub-combinations and variations of the disclosed embodimentsincorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur topersons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to includeeverything within the scope of the appended claims and theirequivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for determining propagation delays froma central unit to at least one first remote unit and at least one secondremote unit in a wireless distribution system (WDS), comprising:determining a first downlink propagation delay between an input/output(I/O) interface in the central unit and the at least one first remoteunit; determining a first uplink propagation delay between the I/Ointerface in the central unit and the at least one first remote unit;determining a second downlink propagation delay between the I/Ointerface in the central unit and the at least one second remote unit;determining a second uplink propagation delay between the I/O interfacein the central unit and the at least one second remote unit; anddetermining a remote unit-to-remote unit (RU-to-RU) propagation delaybetween the at least one first remote unit and the at least one secondremote unit.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determiningone or more propagation delay equations, each of the one or morepropagation delay equations comprising at least one variable selectedamong the first downlink propagation delay, the first uplink propagationdelay, the second downlink propagation delay, the second uplinkpropagation delay, and the RU-to-RU propagation delay; andmathematically solving the one or more propagation delay equations todetermine the first downlink propagation delay, the first uplinkpropagation delay, the second downlink propagation delay, the seconduplink propagation delay, and the RU-to-RU propagation delay.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, further comprising determining locations of one ormore client devices in the WDS based on the first downlink propagationdelay, the first uplink propagation delay, the second downlinkpropagation delay, the second uplink propagation delay, and the RU-to-RUpropagation delay.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprisingdetermining locations of one or more client devices in the WDS based onthe first downlink propagation delay, the first uplink propagationdelay, the second downlink propagation delay, the second uplinkpropagation delay, and timing advances (TAs) determined for the one ormore client devices.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the at least onefirst remote unit comprises at least one electrical-to-optical converterand at least one optical-to-electrical converter.
 6. The method of claim1, further comprising: configuring a first signal path to provide amodulated signal from the I/O interface in the central unit to a secondremote unit comparator circuit in the at least one second remote unit,wherein the first signal path comprises a first delay circuit andcorresponds to a first propagation delay; and configuring a secondsignal path different from the first signal path to provide themodulated signal from the I/O interface to the second remote unitcomparator circuit in the at least one second remote unit, wherein thesecond signal path comprises a second delay circuit and corresponds to asecond propagation delay.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:adjusting the first propagation delay by controlling the first delaycircuit to delay the modulated signal on the first signal path;adjusting the second propagation delay by controlling the second delaycircuit to delay the modulated signal on the second signal path;determining a first propagation delay equation at the second remote unitcomparator circuit, wherein the first propagation delay equals thesecond propagation delay; configuring a third signal path to provide themodulated signal from the I/O interface in the central unit to a firstremote unit comparator circuit in the at least one first remote unit,wherein the third signal path comprises the first delay circuit andcorresponds to a third propagation delay; and configuring a fourthsignal path different from the third signal path to provide themodulated signal from the I/O interface in the central unit to the firstremote unit comparator circuit in the at least one first remote unit,wherein the fourth signal path comprises the second delay circuit andcorresponds to a fourth propagation delay.
 8. The method of claim 7,further comprising: adjusting the third propagation delay by controllingthe first delay circuit to delay the modulated signal on the thirdsignal path; adjusting the fourth propagation delay by controlling thesecond delay circuit to delay the modulated signal on the fourth signalpath; and determining a second propagation delay equation at the firstremote unit comparator circuit, wherein the third propagation delayequals the fourth propagation delay.
 9. The method of claim 8, furthercomprising: configuring a fifth signal path to provide the modulatedsignal from the I/O interface in the central unit to a first centralunit comparator circuit in the central unit, wherein the fifth signalpath comprises the first delay circuit and corresponds to a fifthpropagation delay; configuring a sixth signal path different from thefifth signal path to provide the modulated signal from the I/O interfacein the central unit to the first central unit comparator circuit in thecentral unit, wherein the sixth signal path corresponds to a sixthpropagation delay; adjusting the fifth propagation delay by controllingthe first delay circuit to delay the modulated signal on the fifthsignal path; and determining a third propagation delay equation at thefirst central unit comparator circuit, wherein the fifth propagationdelay equals the sixth propagation delay.
 10. The method of claim 9,further comprising: configuring a seventh signal path to provide themodulated signal from the I/O interface in the central unit to a secondcentral unit comparator circuit in the central unit, wherein the seventhsignal path comprises the second delay circuit and corresponds to aseventh propagation delay; configuring an eighth signal path differentfrom the seventh signal path to provide the modulated signal from theI/O interface in the central unit to the second central unit comparatorcircuit in the central unit, wherein the eighth signal path correspondsto an eighth propagation delay; adjusting the seventh propagation delayby controlling the second delay circuit to delay the modulated signal onthe seventh signal path; determining a fourth propagation delay equationat the second central unit comparator circuit, wherein the seventhpropagation delay equals the eighth propagation delay; configuring aninth signal path to provide the modulated signal from the I/O interfacein the central unit to the first central unit comparator circuit in thecentral unit, wherein the ninth signal path comprises the first delaycircuit and corresponds to a ninth propagation delay; and configuring atenth signal path different from the ninth signal path to provide themodulated signal from the I/O interface in the central unit to the firstcentral unit comparator circuit in the central unit, wherein the tenthsignal path corresponds to a tenth propagation delay.
 11. The method ofclaim 10, further comprising: adjusting the ninth propagation delay bycontrolling the first delay circuit to delay the modulated signal on theninth signal path; and determining a fifth propagation delay equation atthe first central unit comparator circuit, wherein the ninth propagationdelay equals the tenth propagation delay.
 12. The method of claim 11,further comprising: determining the first propagation delay equationthat comprises the first downlink propagation delay, the second downlinkpropagation delay, and the RU-to-RU propagation delay; determining thesecond propagation delay equation that comprises the first downlinkpropagation delay, the second downlink propagation delay, and theRU-to-RU propagation delay; determining the third propagation delayequation that comprises the first downlink propagation delay and thefirst uplink propagation delay; determining the fourth propagation delayequation that comprises the second downlink propagation delay and thesecond uplink propagation delay; and determining the fifth propagationdelay equation that comprises the second downlink propagation delay, theRU-to-RU propagation delay, and the first uplink propagation delay. 13.The method of claim 12, further comprising determining the firstdownlink propagation delay, the first uplink propagation delay, thesecond downlink propagation delay, the second uplink propagation delay,and the RU-to-RU propagation delay by mathematically solving the firstpropagation delay equation, the second propagation delay equation, thethird propagation delay equation, the fourth propagation delay equation,and the fifth propagation delay equation.
 14. The method of claim 1,wherein the at least one first remote unit comprises at least oneelectrical-to-optical converter and at least one optical-to-electricalconverter.
 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising determiningthe first downlink propagation delay that is different from the firstuplink propagation delay.
 16. The method of claim 14, further comprisingdetermining the second downlink propagation delay that is different fromthe second uplink propagation delay.
 17. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising determining locations of one or more client devices in theWDS based on the first downlink propagation delay, the first uplinkpropagation delay, the second downlink propagation delay, the seconduplink propagation delay, and the RU-to-RU propagation delay.
 18. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the at least one first remote unit comprisesat least one electrical-to-optical converter and at least oneoptical-to-electrical converter.
 19. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising determining locations of one or more client devices in theWDS based on the first downlink propagation delay, the first uplinkpropagation delay, the second downlink propagation delay, the seconduplink propagation delay, and timing advances (TAs) determined for theone or more client devices.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the atleast one first remote unit comprises at least one electrical-to-opticalconverter and at least one optical-to-electrical converter.